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Depersonalization-derealization disorder is a complex and often misunderstood type of dissociative disorder. 

It is characterized by persistent and distressing feelings of detachment from oneself -- depersonalization -- and the external world - derealization. Individuals with depersonalization-derealization disorder or DDD may experience a sense of unreality or disconnection, leading to significant distress and impairment in their daily lives.

DDD is believed to involve alterations in the normal functioning of the brain's mechanisms responsible for self-awareness and reality perception. Abnormalities in the areas of the brain related to emotional processing and self-awareness may contribute to the development of DDD.

Depersonalization: a disconnect from oneself

In depersonalization, individuals feel as if they are observing themselves from a distance like they are an outside observer of their thoughts, feelings, and actions. This detachment can extend to one's own body, leading to a lack of emotional responsiveness or a feeling of numbness.

Derealization: a perceived unreality of the world

On the other hand, derealization involves a sense that the external world is not real or is distorted. Colors may seem muted, objects may appear unfamiliar, and the environment may be perceived as dreamlike or artificial. This distorted perception of reality can cause significant distress and anxiety.

Triggers and contributing factors

Various factors can contribute to the onset of DDD, including traumatic experiences, chronic stress and substance abuse. Additionally, individuals with a history of anxiety or depression may be more prone to developing depersonalization-derealization symptoms.

Treatment methods

While there is no specific medication designed exclusively for DDD, psychotherapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT, has shown promise in helping individuals manage and alleviate symptoms. CBT aims to identify and challenge distorted thought patterns, helping individuals regain a sense of reality and control.