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Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed to manage conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. While these drugs can be effective in treating symptoms, they may also come with long-term side effects. One example is tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face and body.

Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder that can develop as a result of long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics. It is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, such as grimacing, tongue protrusion, and rapid blinking. These movements can be disruptive and may impact a person's quality of life.

Causes

The exact cause of tardive dyskinesia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the effects of antipsychotic medications on the brain. Prolonged use of these drugs can lead to changes in the brain's dopamine receptors, which may contribute to the development of tardive dyskinesia.

Risk factors

Not everyone who takes antipsychotic medications will develop tardive dyskinesia, but certain factors may increase the risk. These include older age, long-term use of antipsychotics, higher doses of medication, and a history of other movement disorders.

Symptoms

Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can vary in severity and may worsen over time. In addition to facial movements, a person may experience involuntary movements in the limbs, trunk, or fingers. These symptoms can be distressing and may persist even after discontinuing the medication.

Management and treatment

Managing tardive dyskinesia can be challenging, as there is no cure for the condition. However, reducing or discontinuing the use of antipsychotic medications may help alleviate symptoms in some cases. Other treatment options include adjusting medication dosage, switching to different medications, or using medications specifically designed to treat movement disorders.